Historical Perspective Of English Language Learners

â€Å"Everywhere around the world, they’re coming to America. Got a dream to take them there, they’re coming to America.† Singer-song writer Neil Diamond wrote those lyrics in 1980 and they still hold true today. Similarly two decades earlier, President John F. Kennedy, writing at the request of the Anti-Defamation League, argued â€Å"every American who ever lived, with the exception of one group, was either an immigrant himself or a descendent of immigrants† (Kennedy, 1964, p2). There is no denying the fact that the United States is indeed a nation of immigrants. In the same way, education is the heart of a civilized nation, and it is the education of immigrant children that must remain a priority in our country. Historical Perspective of English Language Learners Ever since the time of European settlers coming to the shores of the New World, learning to speak the language was a main concern. However, for newly arrived immigrants getting an adequate education was not always easy. As early as the mid-1800s, when many of the state systems of public education were being established, some schools were bilingual. Because of the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, Chinese children in California were given the right to a public education. It was not until the early part of the twentieth century that there was a push for English-only in the public schools. As a consequence of the United States’ involvement in World War I, teaching of the German language was forbidden inShow MoreRelatedTeaching As A Teacher And Student Work1252 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment: ELL students are children that are not proficient in English language. For teaching to be more efficient and effective, the teachers should know about the follows: As a teacher he/she needs to model for students what they are expected to do, especially for new skills or activities for the ELL students. Teachers should know their students cultural background and their academic level of the students. The teacher should demonstrate the learning actions, sharing your thinking processes aloudRead MoreThe Curriculum And Expression Of A System Of Personal Values975 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching units are in place as a guide to teachers to the expectations of student development and learning. â€Å"The syllabus is designed to develop enjoyment of English and an appreciation of its value and role in learning.† (BOSTES, 2009) Within the 7-10 curriculum students are encouraged to engage with a range of texts that encompass broad uses of language and literature in many contexts from Shak espeare to children’s literature and advertisements. Students are examining these topics to â€Å"support the developmentRead MoreWhy Voter Education Is Important1187 Words   |  5 Pagesexamples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (May 2011) | | This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2009) | Libraries are useful resources for adult learners. AdultRead MoreWhy Good English Is Good For You989 Words   |  4 Pages English is a complex language because it is the mixture of Latin and some other languages. Standard English is what grammarians adopted a series of rules to make English correctly used. In Bill Bryson’s essay â€Å"Good English and Bad†, he used historical evidence to show readers how English rules are defined and changed by grammarians. While in the article â€Å"Why Good English is Good for You†, John Simon stresses how English users should use this language in a more proper way. Both of Bill BrysonRead MoreGlobal Perspective Within Education : Assessment Task 2 : Unit Of Inquiry1277 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Perspective in Education Assessment Task 2: Unit of Inquiry Part 1 Individual Component Concepts and understandings The concepts of this unit is for students to discover their learning are from a global perspective, particularly in environment exploitation and social responsibility. As the unit is designed for both Japanese and Chinese LOTE language class, specific issues are being introduced and facilitated for students to explore. At the same time, both classes will compareRead More[Writer Name] [Supervisor Name] [Subject] [Date] History of the English Language and some of the1000 Words   |  4 Pages[Writer Name] [Supervisor Name] [Subject] [Date] History of the English Language and some of the many Factors that have influenced its Evolution Language is surely the most influential form of communication. It is the most powerful instrument an individual can have. By definition, language is the use voice sounds by human beings, organized in order to express and communicate thoughts and feelings. It is what has shaped our society into what it has become today, what has allowed our civilizationRead MoreThe First Doctor From Doctor Who Said Is The Optimist1645 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen problems in learning English and an increase of ESL students in our schools . This a border city from the United States and Mexico. I want to have the students learn English so they could go to universities or college not have issues in English. I want to use three kinds of linguistics and literature to have students learn English. The students would benefit with this kind of program in school to learn English. This would help my community to have more knowledge in English because Spanish we allRead MoreError Analysis : The Second And Foreign Language Learning1338 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant area of applied linguistics and of the second and foreign language learning. Applied linguistics, as a field, tries to deal with the problems and issues related to language, as well as to its learning and teaching; it also attempts to give solutions for these problems and issues. Error analysis provides a deep insight for understanding of the process of language learning. Attempts for better understanding the process of language acquisition and learning have been ma de for a long time (RichardsRead MoreMy Responsibility As An Early Childhood Education1232 Words   |  5 PagesEarly Childhood Education Essay (2000 words) This essay will critically examine my responsibility as an early childhood teacher in implementing tiriti-based early childhood education. The essay will begin with a discussion on the historical and contemporary perspectives relating to the Treaty of Waitangi, followed by the initiatives that contribute to providing equitable opportunities for MÄ ori. Following this, will be a discussion on what Kaupapa MÄ ori and tiriti-based pedagogy is and looks likeRead MoreFicial Language Of The United States933 Words   |  4 Pages Since 97% of all Americans speak English, why is the government not making it the official language of the United States? (Mujica). A lot of people have been arguing about this topic for decades. So far, the American Congress has declined all the charges to make English the official language. The Congress claims that it may be an infringement of individual rights. Nevertheless, making English the official language of The United States will significantly benefit the American people. It will create

The Launch of Wal-Mart UAE in the United Arab Emirates, a Branch Compa Case Study

Essays on The Launch of Wal-Mart UAE in the United Arab Emirates, a Branch Company of Wal-Mart Stores Inc Case Study The paper â€Å"The Launch of Wal-Mart UAE in the United Arab Emirates, a Branch Company of Wal-Mart Stores Inc† is a  forceful example of a case study on marketing. Wal-Mart is one of the greatest assets in the world. The company provides a place in which the consumers can go to virtually purchase anything they need from car repairs to groceries, prescriptions, the latest toys, and electronics. The company’s new idea to launch a new branch for its products in the United Arab Emirates, in particular, comes as a result of the increased demand for incentive products and the tremendous growth of the economy. Additionally, the growing population, ever-increasing tourist inflow and the diverse culture in UAE is a major incentive for Wal-Mart Company to launch its new branch company in UAE. Wal-Mart's strategic goal is to save people’s money so that they can live better. In relation to this, the company intends to establish its business in the UAE in which the compan y will offer the highest quality products at the lowest prices. The company works on the belief that offering products at lower prices will enable individuals to save money on necessary products hence enabling them to save more money which they can actually spend on other things.The company will work on three identified principles thus respect the cultural diversity found in UAE thus employees will be encouraged to express their thoughts and ideas which will be treated with much respect by the company. The second principle will be to serve customers adequately in relation to business goals and objectives. Wal-Mart UAE will strive to excel in customer service through employee-customer relations training. The other principle which the company will work on is the principle of excellence.This marketing plan, therefore, gives an overview of the entire marketing process that Wal-Mart Company will use when launching the new Wal-Mart UAE Company branch with my assistance as the national mar keting manager representative in UAE (Chaston, 2007). The marketing plan gives an in-depth overview of the marketing strategies intended to be used, pricing strategies, promotional strategies, intended product location, and marketing objectives. In addition, the marketing plan gives a clear analysis of the cultural and economic analysis of the UAE. In addition, it provides other aspects of the marketing plan such as warehouse, payment methods, trade terms, product packaging among other important aspects.This marketing plan is perceived to be a tool through which Wal-Mart Inc Company will use to achieve the Company’s own target as well as its marketing objectives as far as the launch of the new company is concerned. Wal-Mart Inc intends to use this marketing plan primarily to raise visibility and awareness of the company’s discount products. Wal-Mart Company has gathered sufficient information regarding the market as well as the attributes of its target customers. This information will be used by the company to determine the perceived customer’s specific needs are and how Wal-Mart UAE Company can best communicate with them (Cheverton, 2004).

Financial Analysis of Dynamic Investment Ltd †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Financial Analysis of Dynamic Investment Ltd. Answer: Introduction The main objective of this report is to consider the professional guidelines with regard to the clients from the Dynamic Investment Ltd. who are concerned about investing into the firms of Australian IPO in the sector of finance, consumer discretionary and the information technology. In the year 2016, the market of Australian IPO achieved the highest position following the financial crisis that took place during 2009(Asker, 2014). It has been identified that during the past 36 years the organizations from Australia are listing their shares in the IPO market of Australia. As per the survey report various reasons are there, for instance, telecommunications, media and technology (TMT), better performance, industry growth and the growth in the healthcare industry that has shown 16.5% growth in this sector of market)(Dongxin, 2014). As the market is stable in growth prospect, the investors are interested in investing in this sector and therefore, demand for particular suggestions from Dyn amic Investment Ltd. as per the research, the short-term performance of the US market is well known for this approach. Although the present scenario of the US IPO has a decreasing trend, the occurrence of reduction in price is not that is something new to this market. However, no such indication is there that Australian market will also experience the same thing like US IPO with regard to the concept of reduced price(Urusua, 2017). Under this circumstance, it is crucial for the investors that they understand the IPO market of Australia in broader aspect and regarding how the return and risk relationship holds its position over the years. With regard to this, the return from the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) from the period between 1st November and 31st December has been assesses by the financial advisor of Dynamic Investment Ltd ((Moorman, 2015). The 1st part of this study will represent the calculation regarding the initial return and will analyse the IPO market of Australia in association with the calculation of return. The 2nd part of this study will analyse the long-term preference of the customer discretionary with regard to the holding period return over the two years period. Lastly, the report will investigate the reasons behind the price reduction of short-term IPO and the capability to contrast and compare the reasons through the result from the empirical study(Zervoudi, 2016). Assessment of the IPO market of Australia In this section, the very first step is to evaluate the IPO sample obtained from the IPO market of Australia. To evaluate the listed IPOs during the chosen interval of time, the financial advisor has taken into account the premium database from Morningstar. At the time of analysing these IPOs, the IPOs have been excluded from the analysis, which do not have their issue price or which were suspended. After the exclusion, the financial advisor found total 29 organizations(Shi, 2016) The following table is showing the descriptive statistics for the initial return: Particulars Initial return (%) Mean 3.61 Median 0.00 Minimum -22.02 Maximum 55.00 1st Quartile -2.50 3rd Quartile 5.00 It can be identified from the above table that the value of the mean specified that the average of initial return is 3.61%. if the value of mean is only accounted for, then it can be stated that the IPO market from Australia was growing well over the short-term period. However, the minimum and maximum value as per the above table is revealing different outcomes. Moreover, from the minimum and maximum value, it can be argued that the performance of IPO over the short-term period significantly differs with various industries and the organizations(Sharma, 2017).The difference will be more obvious from the graph shown below: Long-term performance analysis of the consumer Discretionary industry: In this section, the consumer discretionary is been selected to analyse the long-term performance of the IPO market of Australia. As the initial step, financial advisor has been recognized the holding price of the chosen organizations over the 2 years period from the date of issue. The outcomes of holding period over 2 years period are shown in the table below: ASX Code Name of the Company Issue Price Holding price over 2-year Holding period return over 2-year (%) APO APN Outdoor Group Limited 2.55 5.26 106.27 SIO Simonds Group Limited 1.78 0.42 -76.40 GFY Godfreys Group Limited 2.75 1.02 -62.91 OML Oohmedia Limited 1.93 4.7 143.52 LOV Lovisa Holdings Limited 2 3.8 90.00 EVO Evolve Education Group Limited 1 0 -100.00 SRF Surfstitch Group Limited 1 0.185 -81.50 Average return 2.71% It is identified from the above shown table that the industry is experiencing an average growth rate of 2.71% with regard to the holding period over the 2 years period from the date of issue of the individual organisation. The next step is to analyse the holding period return over the period of 2 years of the entire ordinary index. The table shown below are approving the same: ASX Code Name of the Company Issue Price Holding price over 2-year Holding period return over 2-year (%) AORD All ordinaries 5190.7002 5560.399902 7.12 It can be seen from the above table that the holding period returnsfor all the ordinary index was measured through the adjusted closing value on 1st December and the adjusted closing value on their completion of 2nd year. If the holding period return over the 2 years period from the consumer discretion is to be accounted for, then it can be stated that industry is growing rapidly as far as the long-term return from the IPO industry is to be considered. However, the holding period return over the 2 years period for the entire ordinary index has revealed the 7.12% return that is far better as compared to the holding period return of 2 years from the consumer discretionary. Therefore, it is obvious that the industry of consumer discretionary is under performing at present as compared to performance of the entireordinary index(Perera, 2016). It is a fact that the investment decision for the specific industry or firm greatly depends on the risk taking approach of the investor. As most of the individual investors are reluctant on the risk approach, the difference in the return may have an impact on the opportunity of investment. However, in this study, the entire ordinary index is revealing that they are comparatively better as compared to the 2 years holding period return for the consumer discretionary. Therefore, even if the outcomes from the consumer discretionary has revealed better performance in the short-term, with regard to long-term period, the investor shall not take into account the consumer discretionary as the selected investment industry(Ball, 2012). Analysis of empirical study The main objective of this part of the study is to recognize one stock market from any nation like Sweden, Canada, Italy, Greece, France and Austria stock market. The financial advisor here selected the France stock market and analysed an empirical study and scrutinizes the presence of short-term IPO is under pricing throughout the stock market. Analysis of the IPO firms enables better evaluation of the impact of corporate governance as the organizations corporate governance are expected to be clearer as compared to the history of the firm. Analysis of the IPO firms may deliver clear test for the contingency perspective of the agencies. Further, the IPO firms are recognized by various big-block holders under the listing of retained equity. For instance, where the founders are primarily the largest stakeholders for the IPO, there also exist the assorted group of private equity investors who are specialized in the high potential high growth ventures. Particularly, there are two different types of private equity investors under the IPO. They are: informal (BAs or business angels) or formal (VCs or venture capitalist), with distinct investment objectives. However, in the previous research on the governance, the variance among the Bas and VCs are not taken into account. This study analysed the performance of ownership concentration and difference kinds of investors for private equity firms that have undergone to IPOs recently in France. The common law nations are strong with regard to the legal protection for the minority share holders, whereas the protection of the investors is weakest under the French Civil law. Using various methodologies, the World Bank developed various indices for corporate governance that includes the Ease of shareholders Suits index that calculates the ability of the shareholders to strengthen the index for investors protection. As per this study, the Ease of shareholders strength and suits for the investor protection is only 5.0 and 5.3 in France as compared to 7.0 and 8.0 of UK(Wang, 2015) The concentration of ownership represents the requirement but there does not exist the sufficient circumstances fro mitigating the conflicts among the agencies that are taking place within the IPO and it may require the assistance from the reputational considerations. Further, the investors from private equity like VCs are the bigger shareholders that are able to remove the risk of under pricing with their reputational capital. These facts led to the view that the presence of VC will mitigate the issue of under pricing of the IPO. Two crucial kinds of private equity investors are there who are majorly involved in the high potential high growth governance that includes the ventures of IPOs: Bas and VCs Involvement of various financiers in the entrepreneurial organizations is contingent upon the risk factors of the venture, for instance, the ownership of the founder, his experience and wide involvement. Thus, there exists the risk of endogeneity as the private equity firms are analysed to retain their ownership. Therefore, performance is the main function that is endogenously connected with the variable of ownership(Cirillo, 2015). It is identified that the average price premium for 72% advises the investors to pay a considerable higher price for offer as compared to the book value of the equity and thus are optimistic regarding the growth prospects of the newly listed organizations. The average adjusted return on assets is equal to 0.5% that suggests that the performance of the IPO firms is not significantly different from the industry average. On an average, the VCs and Bas owned the 8.3% and 4.3% out of the total equity from the IPO organizations. This is significantly below from the founder ownership of 39%. The value of the VC investments in UK during 2007 was equal to 1.69% of GDP as compared to only 0.66% in France. VCs in France are less likely to monitor the investees as well as independent as compared to their counterparts in UK. BAs in the UK are expected to form networks in association with BA networks in the UK representing 36% of all European BA networks. It has been concluded from the study that there is a strong indication that the presence and the concentration of ownership for private equity investors can be used as a powerful tool within the corporate governance. Similarly, the various kinds of private equity investors can lead to various performance results that are depended on the origin of the nation of the organization. The study further provided an empirical and theoretical analysis for the effect of various kinds of block-holders, concentrated ownership and their impact on the performance of IPO in the two mature markets of North America with various institutional settings. References Asker, F.-M. a. L., 2014. Review of Financial Studies. s.l.:s.n. Ball, 2012. Short run money demand. Journal of Monetary Economics, pp. 622-633. Cirillo, R. a. A., 2015. Management Decison. s.l.:s.n. Dongxin, X. H. W. a. E., 2014. Disagreement on Institutional Investor's Bids and IPO Pricing Mechanism. Economic Reserach Journal, p. 013. Moorman, W. a., 2015. Going Public. Journal of Marketing Research, pp. 694-709. Perera, K., 2016. Evidence of from Australian Initial. Journal of Insurance and Financial Management, pp. 505-525. Sharma, M., 2017. Nexus among Holding Periods. The Journal of Accounting and Mangement. Shi, L. a., 2016. An Empirical Reserach: Modern Economy. s.l.:s.n. Urusua, B. a., 2017. Reserach in Economics. s.l.:s.n. Wang, L. a., 2015. The cross section of expected holding period returns and their dynamics. Journal of Financial Economics, pp. 505-525. Zervoudi, S. a., 2016. Review of Behavioral Finance. s.l.:s.n. Link to access empirical article: https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/17877/2/Strategic%20Management%20Journal_31_5_2010.pdf

South Africa Essays - Provinces Of South Africa,

South Africa South Africa is the southernmost part of the continent of Africa. It is one of the earth's oldest and stable landmasses. This is why there are no folded mountain ranges. The only mountain ranges that are similar to that kind of range, would be those in the southern tip. This is where the north-south ranges meet an east-west range in the Paarl area. The rest of the country has been slightly pitted so that interior lakes like the Okovango Delta have no outlet to the sea. Most of the country is at an elevation of 3,000 to 6,500 feet above sea level. South Africa lies north of 35 S latitude and is surrounded on three sides by the Indian and Atlantic oceans. Two large high-pressure areas control the weather in South Africa brought over by both of the oceans, in the winter a belt of depressions moves northward to bring rains to the south. During the summer moist tropical air masses migrate southward, bringing frequent thunderstorms. There are not many rivers in South Africa, and those few are not navigable. The unpredictable rainfall makes drought in the areas a very common problem. The towns and cities cannot depend on a consistent source of water for the year. Water supplies for both the town and the country must be very well planned, so there is no drought. Wells are usually the source for irrigation and general water supply in the countryside, however the urban and industrialized areas need the use of dams. On the major rivers of South Africa it is easy to see many of the plus 360 dams that have been built. These are easily found on the Orange, Vaal, Limpopo, and the Tugela rivers. Many of the dams provide hydroelectric power to the national electricity grid. Located on the upper Orange River are two of the largest dams in South Africa. The Lesotho Highlands Water Project was developed to supply water to the Transvaal industrial area by mid 1990's. Even though there are an abundant amount of dams in the country, the populations of both city and town must persevere intermittent water rationing. In spite of the amount of land that South Africa encompasses, surprisingly only 15% of the land is arable. Even so, South Africa exports any of its crops including wine, fruits, vegetables, corn, and cane sugar. Dairy and beef cattle are raised in many different areas, including sheep and Angora goats to provide wool and mohair. Natural vegetation has been changed greatly through overgrazing, seasonal burning, and introducing new species. Subtropical forests nurtured by spring and summer rains have been displaced by grasslands, exotic trees; east of the Drakensburg escarpment. Only one area of the Southern cape has a perennial rainfall, the Knysna and George districts. This rainfall has a true hardwood temperate forest in which the species such as stinkwood, sneezewood, yellowwood, and ironwood survive. Farther westward, the natural tree life fades and the grassy upland, otherwise known as the Highveld, prevails. As one travels further west the rainfall decreases and the thorn-tree country begins. Thin grasses and sparsely covered areas become more prevalent. These areas are commonly called the Kalahari Desert and the bare Namib desert. The Western Cape province has a Mediterranean type of climate, referred to as a "summer dry" climate. The vegetation is found to be shrubby with waxy leaves, and pine and oak trees. Northwest of this region are low scrub, cactus, and aloes. These plants dominate the areas of Little and Great Karroo. It is quite obvious that the areas change very much by each mile because of the unsteady amount of precipitation, and South Africa's climate. Gold mining produces as by-product called uraninite. This product is then converted into uranium oxide for local use and export. Gem-quality and industrial diamonds are both mined in large quantities and sold on world markets. Significant deposits of iron ore are mined for local use and export. Immeasurable reserves of bituminous coal are exploited for thermo-electric power and for worldwide export. There is a singular nuclear power plant at Koeburg that supplies the west with electric power, because this area is very far from the coalfields. South Africa does have a lack of petroleum, however it has built the wold's only plants that create oil from coal. These three plants supply 70% of South Africa's gasoline needs and a large volume of the petrochemicals that are used in industry. There was a large find of natural gas near Mossel Bay that has been changed to gasoline production. The animal

The Telephone And Its Corporation Essays - Bell System,

The Telephone And Its Corporation The Telephone And Its Corporation The phone is easily one of man's most important, useful and taken for granted inventions. The telephone has outgrown the ridicule with which it first received, now in most places taken for granted, it is a part of many people's daily lives. It marvelously extended the ways man converses that it is now an indispensable help to whoever would live the convenient life. All disadvantage of being deaf and mute to any persons, which was universal before the advent of the telephone, has now happily been overcome. Before I tell of the history of how the telephone was constructed and put in to place I will tell of the past of communications. Ever since the ability of language and written language the most popular form of communication was done through a letter. Others were as documented in 1200 BC in Homer's Illiad were signal fires. Carrier pigeons were used in the Olympic games to send messages from 700 BC to 300 AD. In 1791 the Chappe brothers created the Semaphore system; they were two teens in France who wanted to be able to contact each other from their different school campuses. This system consisted of a pole with movable arms, which the positions took the place of letters of the alphabet. Two years later this idea had caught on and was being used in France, Italy, Russia, and Germany. Two semaphore systems were built in the U.S. in Boston and on Martha's Vineyard; soon Congress was asked to fund a project for a semaphore system running from New York City to New Orleans. Samuel Morse told Congress that not to fund the project because he was developing the electric telegraph. Soon Samuel Morse developed his electric telegraph he demonstrated it in 1844 it caught on and by 1851 51 telegraph companies were in operation. And it continued to grow to 2250 telegraph offices nationwide. In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone. Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh. He grew up deeply involved in the study of speech due to his father and grandfathers work. He was also a talented musician able to play by ear from a very early age, and, had he not been more interested in what his father was doing to help people speak, he might have ended up as a professional musician. He and his two brothers built a model human skull and filled it with a good enough reproduction of the human vocal apparatus, which worked with a bellows, so it would be able to say, "Ma-ma." Alexander became a Professor and taught visible speech he was greatly appreciated for this. Soon he went to work for Thomas Sanders a successful leather merchant from Salem who had a five-year old deaf son. Sanders also became a friend and admirer of Bell and his work. At his time at the Sanders house he was able to do his experiments in the basement until it became a tad bothersome to Sanders and told him to find a new place to experiment. So Alexander moved his lab to Charles Williams' electrical shop in Boston and employed Thomas Watson together they worked for weeks to figure out this enigma. Finally after tightly tying a copper string and plucking it caused a distinct sound on both ends. He applied for a patent on February 14, 1876 3 hours before Elisha Gray filed a patent for a similar device. March 7, 1876 the patent was issued three days later Alexander spoke the famous words after spilling acid on his pants "Mr. Watson come here I want you!" In order to distribute this new technology to the world and humanity a corporation needed to be created. The business venture to start this new corporation began before the invention with an agreement between Thomas Sanders, Gardiner G. Hubbard, and Bell dated February 27, 1875. Formed as a basis for financing Bell's experiments, the agreement came to be called the Bell Patent Association. The only tangible assets of this association were an early Bell patent, "Improvements in Transmitters and Receivers for Electric Telegraph," his basic telephone patent, No. 174,465, an "Improvement in Telegraphy" (March 7, 1876), and two additional patents that followed. Publicity was needed Hubbard urged Bell to demonstrate his new instrument as well as the further improvements Thomas Watson had produced at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition that summer. It was hot and muggy in Philadelphia and not many people were attracted the complex scientific experiment setup. But Bell had seen an old

Women and Pornography theory essays

Women and Pornography theory essays Constitutionally protected speech that is Clearly sexual abuse is discriminating and unconstitutional, therefore, must be restricted speech. Catherine A. MacKinnon, in her book Only Words gives persuading evidence that pornography subordinates women as a group through sexual abuse. She says Protecting pornography means protecting sexual abuse as speech, at the same time that both pornography and its protection have deprived women of speech, especially speech against pornography (MacKinnon, 9). MacKinnon argues this bye explaining defamation and discrimination, racial and sexual harassment, and equality and Women are sexually abused for the making of pornography. Torture, rape, hot wax dripping over nipples, and murdering women are the tools to produce a product of evil. Literature is the description of these crimes against humanity (emphasized) and cameras are On the assumption that words have only a referential relation to reality, pornography is defended as only words-even when it is pictures women had to directly used to make, even when the means of writing are womens bodies, even when a women is destroyed in order to say it or show it or because it was said or shown. However, assuming words are only a partial relation to reality would mean we would have to reconsider what reality is. Our wedding vows such as I do would be meaningless and a jury could never return a verdict that is only partial to reality. These words are treated as the institutions and practices they constitute, rather than as expressions of the idea they embody (Mackinnon, 13) Therefore, if these words of pornography are only words, dont they institutionalize rape? Since pornography is rape on women. Pornography is protected by the First Amendment as free speech, but why? Becaus ...

Evaluation of Science and Technology Policies Essay

Evaluation of Science and Technology Policies - Essay Example A number of measures, called performance indicators are usually invented in order to simplify the evaluation process and make it more easily readable by non-expert groups (e.g. investors). "Simply put, performance indicators are measures that describe how well a programme is achieving its objectives Indicators are usually quantitative measures but may also be qualitative observations. They define how performance will be measured along a scale or dimension" (USAID Center for Development Information and Evaluation, 1996). The question that is raised in this essay can be formulated as follows: is it possible to rely on performance indicators without evaluation itself, and what will be the consequences To answer that question, the essay clarifies at first a concept of evaluation, its development in research policy, its relations with performance indicators (PI), limitations of PI, and finally demonstrates with the help of two examples that the substitution of evaluation with merely PI wi ll lead to the decline of investor-funded science itself. Let us at first get acquainted with the concept of evaluation answering a simple question: what is the evaluation and why do we need it in research Generally the evaluation can be defined as follows: Evaluation is the systematic acquisition and assessment of information to provide useful feedback about some object" (Trochim, 2002). So, in other words, evaluation provides the interested parties with the feedback, which will be useful, i.e. will help in the decision-making process. This leads us to the answer on the second part of the expressed question: evaluation is needed in research to make the funding policy more effective. If the evaluation processes provide the correct feedback about the usefulness of candidate scientific projects then the most 'useful' projects will receive funding, which will lead to the development of 'useful' science. The word 'useful' is placed in quotation marks advisedly, as it is also an important question: what science can be called useful However, thi s question leaves out of the scope of this essay. Initially, evaluation can be divided into two types: formative and summative. Whereas formative evaluation examine the delivery of the project or technology, the quality of its implementation, and the assessment of the organizational context, personnel, procedures, inputs, and so on, the summative evaluation analyses the effects of the project, determining its overall impact (Trochim, 2002). Each of these types benefits from the use of performance indicators, because to determine both the implementation and the impact a number o measures have to be devised. Development of evaluation It is evident that the evaluation process itself constantly endures changes. To put it differently, the accent of evaluation changes in accordance with the current research evaluation policy. "In most European countries an "evaluation culture" in science, technology and innovation policies has evolved since the 1980s, including the ex post evaluation of research programmes and other policy initiatives, the evaluation of R&D centres and universities, and the evaluation of R&D funding agencies. (Kuhlmann, 2000)" Rip characterises the changes of R&D evaluation through the use of triangular metric with accountability, strategic change,